Civil War Research Paper Topics

Civil War Research Paper TopicsCivil War research paper topics have become a hot item for many universities and high schools across the country. This is a first of its kind opportunity for students to earn money and to gain a working knowledge of history by participating in major research projects. It is a project that gives students the opportunity to practice scientific methodology and logical thinking. Paper writing allows them to learn from a book, provide their own research input, and potentially gain an academic education.Paper writing has become the research paper of choice for many different kinds of studies as a means of being able to do science textbook process. Academic studies such as psychology and sociology require that a student has a degree to obtain a job or to even be able to join the classroom. While they are great for students who want to learn about society and learning at an academic level, an academic science graduate who wants to move into the workforce may no t have the chance to obtain employment until they have completed their college degree.Civil War research paper topics are great for both students that have a degree and those that do not. It allows them to gain an academic education that can put them on the path to a career in the future. Paper writing helps them learn how to do research properly, the proper way to prepare for research projects, and also the ways in which to obtain a desired result and to do the research properly.Civil War research paper topics are great for those who want to learn about the war, its causes, and how the war affected American society. This is a project that allows them to gain an academic education, but also to be able to get paid for the work they do. A civil war research paper project can provide students with the knowledge to have a degree or to get a degree. Many students work on research projects and make money from it, while also having the chance to learn more about the work they are doing. Pa per writing is not the only method a student can use to learn about the war and how it affects society, but it is one of the more simple and easier methods available.The Civil War research paper topics may include important topics such as the impact of the war on culture, medicine, war, and social relationships. One of the best ways for a student to get involved with the project is to make sure that they can contribute their own ideas about the study subjects to the writing. This is much easier than having to copy someone else's idea and is the way that many people become involved with the project. This is a way to get the important information into the book and to receive a certificate or even an academic degree for their work.Paper topics can help students to do their own research, giving them a chance to learn about the subjects they are researching and how to do it. Many college students that do research may have never studied that topic or may not have the knowledge to write a good paper on the topic. Paper writing allows students to learn how to do research properly and in the most efficient way possible.The Civil War research paper topics are great for both students that have already completed a degree and those that do not. It gives them the opportunity to earn money from research while also getting the knowledge that they need to learn. It is a project that allows them to learn about the war and what it has to say about the United States and how society was affected by the war.

What is a Sample Essay?

What is a Sample Essay?An important concept of learning is the sample essay. It is often referred to as a blueprint to write your own essay. The reason it is important is because there are many different samples of essays and what works for one person may not work for you.In terms of essays, a sample essay is just an example of how you would write something in a different way. The fact that it is a sample means that you will probably need to make some changes to the formula in order to fit it into your situation. It also means that you have a clue on how you might respond to certain situations. An example may be that if you do not have much writing experience you will have to improvise. If you are always using the same formula in everything you write, you may need to adapt it in order to fit your own needs.In addition to how it may need to be adapted, you also need to think about the purpose you are trying to serve by writing the sample. Some students like to get an idea of the tone they should have, while others need to get a feel for what is expected of them.Another factor that you should keep in mind when preparing a sample essay is how the essay is used in the classroom. This is going to affect the success or failure of the essay. In other words, you will be looking at how the student's time is spent, the tests given and the assignment.You will also want to consider how well you think your writing will do in the test or project given by the professor. You want to find out if you are creating a good impression, as that will be reflected in the grade. You will want to consider the feedback from the instructor has given so far.Finally, think about how you will use the essay for your next class. You should think about how you would present the information in the class, as well as how it will do for the test or project. This is one thing that will cause confusion for you, as you may come up with different results depending on what you do or don't do.So there you have it, that is one of the common misconceptions about this type of essay. The goal is not to try to create a new type of essay but rather to prepare for one. By combining the sample essay with the structure of the essay, you will have more time to focus on the content and writing tips needed to produce an excellent essay.

Prescriptive Jurisdiction and Enforcement Jurisdiction in International Law

Even though parliament can reprimand any action through its local regulation, global law does not allow the State to impose its rule outside its land. For instance, Saudi Arabian (SA) law states that infidelity is a felony that is punished by stoning to death.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Prescriptive Jurisdiction and Enforcement Jurisdiction in International Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This rule is applicable only in Saudi Arabia (Dupuy Kerbrat 2010, p. 64). It cannot be applied in other places even if a citizen of Saudi Arabia was found committing adultery. This takes us to the earliest code in the Lotus case, which says that a State cannot apply its rule in any shape in the land of another nation unless there is a global tradition or principle allowing the State to do so (Dixon 2007, p. 87). The UK-Netherlands accord of 1991 can serve as an example, where UK got approval from Netherlands before in dicting two Libyans charged with the Lockerbie intimidation (Shaw 2003, p. 23) Therefore, a jurisdiction centers deeply on the power to prescribe (Sweeney 2007, p. 50) in addition, this is what the paper will focus on. A state’s jurisdiction in the modern international system refers to its power to control the actions of individuals and property. Again, jurisdiction can be either civil or criminal (O’Keefe 2004, p. 736). Jurisdiction in real terms is not a universal concept that is; its meaning is not common to all people. The ancient activities of states and doctrinal inscriptions enables people comprehend that jurisdiction is broadly categorized into two major forms, that is, prescriptive and power to enforce. In the criminal context, jurisdiction to prescribe refers to the power of the state to invoke its criminal law in arbitrating certain actions. Jurisdiction to enforce on the other hand refers to the power of the state to employ criminal law practically through its criminal justice system that is, arresting (police), arbitrating (courts) and correcting (Amerasinghe 1994, p. 14).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Whereas jurisdiction to prescribe might be extra-territorial, the power to enforce is strictly territorial. This implies that any state cannot take its criminal justice system (CJS) to another state since this might be considered intrusion. In case a state would wish to prosecute its citizen abroad, it has to issue an arrest warrant to the foreign state and urge the same state to assist in arresting the culprit. It is therefore evident that the power to prescribe and the power to enforce are not compatible at all (O’Keefe 2004, p. 740). Jurisdiction to prescribe and the power to enforce are rationally self-sufficient. However, the two forms of jurisdictions are intertwined. The state has the authority to make laws as long as they benefit the public. The same laws are not applied universally since environments are different. Laws apply well where they originate since the procedure employed in making them is logical. For prescriptive authority, utilization of force to implement an opinion is more realistic inside state boundaries than outside. When it takes place outside state boundaries, the possibility of inter-state disagreement is inevitable. A state in the international system may decide to punish its citizen or a resident of another state in case its interest is in danger (Simma Paulus 1999, p. 21) This brings about hostilities among states, which may cause wars. International law allows a state to issue an arrest warrant even when the suspect is not available in the state, what is referred to as arrest in absentia. The best example is the mutatis mutandis case that applies to individuals based on citizenship, flaccid personality and service in the military. States have rights to prescri be laws according to the internationally established standards (Lawson Bertucci 1996, p. 69) Through this, the rule of law is guaranteed in the international system. The implementation of prescriptive authority based on a jurisdictional nexus instituted after execution of the offence is a type of ex post facto criminalization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Prescriptive Jurisdiction and Enforcement Jurisdiction in International Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is disgusting because a substantive public criminal proscription and its subsequent castigation are applied to the offender only after execution of the impugned behavior. It is not a matter of following a proficient public process (O’Keefe 2004, p. 743). Enforcement jurisdiction pertains directly to the use of coercive authority. Between the two forms of jurisdiction, Enforcement type is the narrowest. This implies that it survives only w hen the criterion for prescriptive authority exist (Domingo 2003, p. 54). Enforcement Jurisdiction is applicable only with respect to people, belongings, or behaviors. The connection between the two forms of laws is comprehensible. A state cannot implement enforcement jurisdiction unless it subscribes to prescriptive jurisdiction (Brownlie 2008, p. 38). A good example that elucidates this connection is the Canadian Criminal code, which states that the state can exercise authority over any individual within Canada. An individual can be impeached whether in a foreign state or in his own country as long as he/she committed an offence. Judges Higgins and Kooijmans categorize this type of jurisdiction accurately. Prosecuting an individual present in the state is termed as ‘in personam’. Prosecution of an individual who sought refuge to another state is termed as ‘in absentia’ (O’Keefe 2004, p. 755). The decision to implement international law uniformly is meant to bring peace and tranquility in the global society. List of References Amerasinghe, C 1994, The Law of the International Civil Service, 2nd edn, Vol. 1, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Brownlie, P 2008, Principles of Public International Law, 7th edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dixon, M 2007, Textbook on International Law, 6th edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Domingo, OR 2003, The New Global Law, Cambridge University Press, New York. Dupuy, MP Kerbrat, Y 2010, Droit international public, 10th edn, Dalloz, Paris. Lawson, E Bertucci, ML 1996, Encyclopedia of human rights, 2nd edn, Taylor Francis, New York. O’Keefe, R 2004, â€Å"Universal Jurisdiction, clarifying the basic concept†, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 2, no. 3. Shaw, MN 2003, International Law, 5th edn, Cambridge University Press, Oxford. Simma, B Paulus LA 1999, â€Å"Symposium on method in International Law: The Responsibility of Individuals for Human Rights Abuses in Internal Conflicts: A Positivist View†, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 93, no. 302. Sweeney, B 2007, â€Å"Combating Foreign Anti-competitive Conduct: What Role for Extra-territorialism?† Melbourne Journal of International Law, Vol. 8, no. 35. This essay on Prescriptive Jurisdiction and Enforcement Jurisdiction in International Law was written and submitted by user Lauren D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Quick Geography Facts About Mexico

Quick Geography Facts About Mexico Mexico, officially called the United Mexican States, is a country located in North America south of the  United States  and north of  Belize  and  Guatemala . It has coastline along the  Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and the  Gulf of Mexico  and it is considered the 13th largest country in the world based on area.   Mexico is also the 11th most  populous country  in the world. It is a regional power for Latin America with an economy that is strongly tied to that of the United States. Quick Facts About Mexico Population: 112,468,855 (July 2010 estimate)Capital: Mexico CityBordering Countries: Belize, Guatemala, and the United StatesLand Area: 758,450 square miles (1,964,375 square kilometers)Coastline: 5,797 miles (9,330 kilometers)Highest Point: Volcan Pico de Orizaba at 18,700 feet (5,700 meters)Lowest Point: Laguna Salada at -32 feet (-10 meters) History of Mexico The earliest settlements in Mexico were those of the Olmec, Maya, Toltec, and Aztec. These groups developed highly complex cultures prior to any European influence. From 1519-1521, Hernan Cortes took over Mexico and founded a colony belonging to Spain that lasted for almost 300 years. On September 16, 1810, Mexico proclaimed its independence from Spain after Miguel Hidalgo formed the countrys declaration of independence, Viva Mexico! However, independence did not come until 1821 after years of war. In that year, Spain and Mexico signed a treaty ending the war for independence. The treaty also laid out plans for a constitutional monarchy. The monarchy failed, and, in 1824, the independent republic of Mexico was established. During the later part of the 19th century, Mexico underwent several presidential elections and fell into a period of social and economic problems. These problems led to a revolution that lasted from 1910 to 1920. In 1917, Mexico established a new constitution, and, in 1929, the Institutional Revolutionary Party rose and controlled politics in the country until 2000. Since 1920 though, Mexico has undergone a variety of reforms in the agriculture, political, and social sectors that allowed it to grow into what it is today. Following World War II, Mexicos government focused primarily on economic growth, and, in the 1970s, the country became a large producer of petroleum. In the 1980s though, falling oil prices caused Mexicos economy to decline, and, as a result, it entered into several agreements with the U.S. In 1994, Mexico joined the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the U.S. and Canada, and, in 1996, it joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). Government of Mexico Today, Mexico is considered a federal republic, with a chief of state and a head of government making up its executive branch of government. It should be noted, however, that both of these positions are filled by the President. Mexicos legislative branch is comprised of a bicameral National Congress which consists of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies.The judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court of Justice. Mexico is divided into 31 states and one federal district (Mexico City) for local administration. Economics and Land Use in Mexico Mexico currently has a free market economy that has mixed modern industry and agriculture. Its economy is still growing, and there is a large inequality in the  distribution of income. Mexicos largest trading partners are the U.S. and Canada due to NAFTA.The largest industrial products that are exported from Mexico include food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables and tourism.The main agricultural products of Mexico are corn, wheat, soybeans, rice, beans, cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes, beef, poultry, dairy and wood products. Geography and Climate of Mexico Mexico has a highly varied topography that consists of rugged mountains with high elevations, deserts, high plateaus and low coastal plains. For example, its highest point is at 18,700 feet (5,700 m) while its lowest is -32 feet (-10 m). Mexicos climate is also variable, but it is mainly tropical or desert. Its capital, Mexico City, has its highest average temperature in April at 80ËšF (26ËšC) and its lowest in January at 42.4ËšF (5.8ËšC). More Facts about Mexico The main ethnic groups in Mexico are Indian-Spanish (Mestizo) 60%, Indian 30%, Caucasian 9%, other 1%.The only official language in Mexico is Spanish.Mexicos literacy rate is 91.4%.The largest city in Mexico is Mexico City, followed by Ecatepec, Guadalajara, Puebla, Nezahualcà ³yotl, and Monterrey. (Its important to note, however, that Ecatepec and Nezahualcà ³yotl are also suburbs of Mexico City.) Which U.S. States Border Mexico? Mexico shares its northern border with the United States, with the Texas-Mexico border formed by the Rio Grande. In total, Mexico borders four states in the southwestern U.S. ArizonaCaliforniaNew MexicoTexas Sources Central Intelligence Agency. (26 July 2010). CIA - The World Factbook - Mexico.Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html Infoplease.com. (n.d.). Mexico: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com.Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107779.html United States Department of State. (14 May 2010). Mexico.Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35749.htm

Lost in a Mordern World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Lost in a Mordern World - Essay Example Shakespeare and his contemporaries would form the basis for modernism in Renaissance and Enlightenment thought, giving birth to modern science, the industrial revolution, liberalism, and democracy through their writing, methodologies, and values, and these themes determine the worldview of later writers like Jin, Rash, and Cameron. Root elements of modernism can be found in Shakespeare that will evolve thematically not only in later literature historically but also in the development of the popular culture, mass-media, and society of modern times. Shakespeare’s work in this manner also describes the growth of modern personal identity in the characters of his plays, and these patterns can be found similarly underlying the characters, conflicts, and themes of writers such as Jin, Rash, and Cameron as they express their own conflicts in contemporary literature. When Shakespeare writes, â€Å"All the world is a stage,† this can be seen as an important characteristic of mode rnism that expands from his recognition of it in early 17th Century culture, as well as being reflected in the news media, pop culture, and the â€Å"15 minutes† of fame Warhol saw each person as sharing in their modern social roles. When Shakespeare describes libertine behavior, the excess of consumption and intoxication in his characters in â€Å"As You Like It,† these patterns are also becoming more extreme in the New York society Peter Cameron describes in his literature or as Rash describes the addiction, alcoholism, and substance abuse in characters from Appalachia. In summary, the root issues and themes of modernism can be found in Shakespeare’s works and where these themes resonate with other authors in the 20th Century, they reinforce the interpretation or recognition that they are critically important in understanding the society and behavior of individuals during the time period. This relates also to post-modernism as it seeks to define and characteri ze modernism through historical evolution, and in doing so to solve the existential dilemma that many writers reflect in their characters and themes in modern literature. In Act II, Scene 7 of â€Å"As You Like It,† Jaques states: â€Å"A fool, a fool! I met a fool i' th' forest, A motley fool. A miserable world! ...And thereby hangs a tale.' When I did hear The motley fool thus moral on the time, My lungs began to crow like chanticleer That fools should be so deep contemplative;† The position of the motley fool in Shakespeare is ironic, for the cutting criticism that the poet offers to society in the form of insightful literature is directly related to the tone and composition of the court jester in English society at the time. Not only does the motley fool analyze and criticize authority, the State, and society from the same position as the author in modern literature, the modern author is often given a role in society that is similar to that played by the jester in the court of the kings and royals in English society. The court hears the jester’s interpretation, biting sarcasm, criticism of power, and cutting wit, tolerating the behavior symbolically by dressing the jester in a coat of many colors and patches. The fabric of this dress represents the fabric of knowledge itself, which is woven together from many strands, patched together from many theories, stitched together as a unified symbolic garment, and then worn as a social role. As such this dress is magical, in that it represents both the democratic society and the scientific method in Shakespeare, as well as

Macro Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Macro Economics - Essay Example What where the policies adopted for combating their effects? Where these policies deemed appropriate or adequate? What role has OPEC played in the wide fluctuations of international oil? Seeking to address these questions and many more with respect to the role of geopolitical affairs on the international oil sector, this essay will explore the Oil Crises of the 20th century (1973 to 1974 and then 1979-81). With an emphasis on international events and the role that that they play in the international supply of oil, we will begin with a quick overview of OPEC and expand our analyses of these two major events (Aldeman 2003). What is OPEC? OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, is an international trade cartel composed of 12 oil producing countries. These 12 countries account for two-thirds of the world’s total reserves and close to 40% of the world’s total oil production. Due their significant share of the world oil market, OPEC plays a huge role in global oil production and the determination of oil prices (Mouad 2006; BBC 2008). During the First Oil Crisis, the Arab countries of OPEC established OAPEC, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, an organization which played an important role in the oil shocks of the early 1970s. It is to this event that we now turn as we explore the geopolitical factors which precipitated this international crisis. A Jewish state in the Middle East remains a divisive and controversial subject and the Palestinian-Israeli conflict remains one of the most enduring and complex disputes of modern times. After two major wars, in 1948 and again in 1967, Israel and her neighbors entered into another armed conflict in 1973, this one however, had enormous geopolitical and economic ramifications. On Yom Kippur 1973 – the Day of Atonement, the holiest day of the Jewish year - the concerted armies of Egypt and

Unit One Grade 12 Biology Study Notes Essay Example for Free

Unit One Grade 12 Biology Study Notes Essay Lipids (Fats, phospholipids, sterols) Fats used to insulate the body as well as protect organs SATURATED -better for you -one or more double bonds between carbons -less hydrogens -oils (sunflower, flax) -lower melting point UNSATURATED -worse for you -single bonds between carbons -more hydrogens -animal fats -higher melting points Phospholipid -2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, phosphate group, + choline group -hydrophobic tails -hydrophilic heads Phospholipid Bilayer Groupings of phospholipids move together and create a protective membrane with the hydrophilic heads one the outside and very inside of the cell and the hydrophobic tails facing one another. Sterols -4 hydrocarbon chains fused together -many functional groups attached CHOLESTEROL -a big part of the cell membrane cells turn cholesterol into vitamin D and bile salts Carbohydrates (mono, di, poly saccharides) Monosaccharides- hold energy and store it for cellular respiration Simple sugars – provide short term energy and storage -most common one is Glucose (C6H12O) -glactose and fructose are chemical isomers meaning they have the same chemical formula but different structures. Disaccharides 2 monosaccharides combined glucose + glucose = maltose Polysaccharides Many monosaccharides combined together to create STARCH, CELLULOSE and GLYCOGEN Starch (amylose-simpler diagram)- long term energy and storage Glycogen (more branched diagram) unused glucose is turned into glycogen and stored for later use Cellulose- plant cells are made of this which is why they are rigid. Used in digestion in humans, cleans out colon and intestines. Proteins – building blocks of life Amino acids – organic compound containing an amino and a carboxyl group Have R-groups or side chains that are responsible for how it bonds with other amino acids. The bonds between amino acids are peptide bonds. NON POLAR LIKES NON POLAR POLAR LIKES POLAR POSITIVE LIKES NEGATIVE Primary structure A bunch of amino acids bind together through a certain sequence coded in the DNA -the number and order of acids is specific to each different protein Secondary Structure Peptide chains begin to bond with each other through the r groups. Bonds done in the secondary structure are usually done between amino acids close together. This causes the polypeptide chain to become ALPHA HELIX or a BETA PLEATED SHEET -main bonds are hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl and oxygen atoms Tertiary Structure More bonds occur between amino acids but this time they are father apart from each other causing it to bend and fold even more 4 bonds DISULPHIDE BOND- a bond between cysteine amino acids ELECTROSTATIC BOND- an ionic bond between negative a positive side chains HYDROGEN BONDS- a bond between polar r-groups HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS- a bond between non-polar r-groups Quatrinary Structure Highest level of organization The bonding of two or more tertiary proteins, making a lot of proteins into functional proteins. Dehydration synthesis- removal of h2o and putting two molecules together Hydrolasis- adding of water and breaking apart two molecules Redox- give an electron away = oxidized, getting an electron = reduced Homeostasis The constant state cells try to be Certain things pass in and out of the cell at specific times and rates so that the internal environment stays stable. Concentration gradient- difference between and are of high and an area of low concentration Brownian motion- the continuous movement and collision between molecules in a liquid Passive transport – needs no energy Simple diffusion- the movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration. Small uncharged molecules like oxygen are passed through the membrane of a cell easily so that the cell can have oxygen. Osmosis- movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from and area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration SITUATIONS Facilitated diffusion- movement of molecules that are too big to be passed through the phospholipid bilayer or are not lipid soluble. Protiens throughout the membrane assist with the movement Carrier protiens – move only specific molecules. Bind to that molecule and go through a series of movements and shape changing to move the molecule into the cell and then goes through those steps again to return to its original shape. Channel protiens- proteins with a hole in the middle that allows bigger molecules to pass in and out of the cell. Active transport- requires extra energy Cells need higher concentrations of certain nutrients to survive so sometimes molecules are moved against the concentration gradient using applied energy. moving them against the concentration gradient is active transport Sodium potassium pump Bulk transportation Not many materials are too big to pass through the cell membrane. For those that cant, the cell membrane can wrap around the molecule to absorb it. Endocytosis -when the cell wraps around the molecule to absorb it -pinocytosis- cell â€Å"drinking†, small drop of extracellular fluid with small molecules within it (most common) -phagocytosis- cell â€Å"eating†, large drop of extracellular fluid with organic or bacterial molecules Exocytosis -when the vesicle moves to the outside. The vesicle fixes the cell membrane and the contents are moved out of the cell Cell membrane Acts as a barrier for the cell, protecting the internal environment from the external environment. Cell membranes around the cell as well as around the organelles. -regulates what goes in and out of the cells and organelles 4 components= phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol and carbohydrates phospholipid bilayer 2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, phosphate group, + choline group provides the physical barrier separates the extracellular fluids from the intracellular fluids proteins GLOBULAR -integral= bound in the hydrophobic interior of the cell -peripheral=bound in the hydrophilic exterior of the cell FIBROUS -figments of the cytoskeleton= microtubules creating a framework for the membrane cholesterol act as patching system and gives the cell fluidity carbohydrates can connect to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids) and act as communicators between cells Enzymes Biological catalysts Speed up reactions 1000000x Reduce required reaction energy Very sensitive to their environment When exposed to extreme conditions they can â€Å"denature† and become completely dysfunctional Aren’t created nor destroyed during a reaction pH and temperature affect the activity of an enzyme because they will only work at there maximum when in the perfect conditions. Anything other than that wont be optimal and eventually cause the enzyme to denature. Enzymes are proteins with a depression called the active site. R groups stick out of the active side and attract substrates with similar R groups. The catalyzing occurs in the active site. How is the active site shape determined by the 4 levels of protein structure? -polypeptide chain- sequence of amino acids and how the r groups react with eachother which causes a shape -then they fold and bend into secondary and tertiary structure causing for the final shape -the substrate is polar so the r groups facing out into the active site have to have some sort of polarity to attract it. SIMPLE ENZYMES- enzymes made only of protein and the function results from the 3D arrangement of the amino acids CONJUGATED ENZYMES- enzymes with both protein and non protein parts a) apoenzyme- protein part of the enzyme b) cofactor-non protein part, close to active site. WITHIN A COFACTOR -coenzyme= vitamins that are altered during a reaction. These have to be replaced by unaltered molecules before a new substrate can attach -activators=minerals (metal ions) not only do environmental factors (pH and temperature) effect enzymes but substances can inhibit the actions of an enzyme. Competitive inhibiters- so similar to the substrate that they enter the active site and block the substrate from bonding with the enzyme. This can be reversed by adding more concentration of the substrate. Non-competitive inhibiters- attach to a different part of the enzyme and cause the shape to change so the substrates cant bond correctly Allosteric sites- some enzymes have allosteric sites a ways away from the active site. When substrates attach to it they can inhibit or simulate enzyme activity. Binding an activator to an allosteric site stabilizes the proteins conformation and leaves all active sites open. Binding an allosteric inhibitor stabilizes inactive forms of the enzyme.